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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bulk density</span></span>

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<p>In <a href="Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a>, <b>bulk density</b>, also called <b>apparent density</b>, is a <a href="Material_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Material property">material property</a> defined as the <a href="Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> of the many particles of the material divided by the <b>bulk volume</b>. Bulk volume is defined as the total <a href="Volume" title="Volume">volume</a> the particles occupy, including particle's own volume, inter-particle <a href="Void_(composites)" title="Void (composites)">void</a> volume, and the particles' internal <a href="Porosity" title="Porosity">pore</a> volume.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Bulk density is useful for materials such as <a href="Powder_(substance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Powder (substance)">powders</a>, <a href="Granular_material" title="Granular material">granules</a>, and other "divided" <a href="Solid" title="Solid">solids</a>, especially used in reference to <a href="Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> components (<a href="Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, <a href="Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a>), <a href="Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">chemical substances</a>, <a href="Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceutical</a> <a href="Ingredient" title="Ingredient">ingredients</a>, foodstuff, or any other masses of corpuscular or <a href="Granular_material" title="Granular material">particulate matter</a> (<a href="Particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Particles">particles</a>).

</p><p>Bulk density is not the same as the <a href="Particle_density_(packed_density)" class="mw-redirect" title="Particle density (packed density)"><i>particle density</i></a>, which is an <a href="Intrinsic_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsic property">intrinsic property</a> of the solid and does not include the volume for voids between particles (see: <a href="Density#Non-compact_materials" title="Density">density of non-compact materials</a>).

Bulk density is an <a href="Extrinsic_property" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrinsic property">extrinsic property</a> of a material; it can change depending on how the material is handled. For example, a powder poured into a cylinder will have a particular bulk density; if the cylinder is disturbed, the powder particles will move and usually settle closer together, resulting in a higher bulk density. For this reason, the bulk density of powders is usually reported both as "freely settled" (or "poured" density) and "tapped" density (where the tapped density refers to the bulk density of the powder after a specified compaction process, usually involving vibration of the container.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Soil#Density" title="Soil">Soil § Density</a></div>

<p>The bulk density of soil depends greatly on the mineral make up of soil and the degree of <a href="Soil_compaction" title="Soil compaction">compaction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The density of <a href="Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> is around <span class="nowrap">2.65 g/cm<sup>3</sup></span> but the (dry) bulk density of a mineral soil is normally about half that density, between <span class="nowrap">1.0 and 1.6 g/cm<sup>3</sup></span>. In contrast, soils rich in soil organic carbon and some friable clays tend to have lower bulk densities (<span class="nowrap"><1.0 g/cm<sup>3</sup></span>) due to a combination of the low-density of the organic materials themselves and increased <a href="Porosity" title="Porosity">porosity</a>. For instance, peat soils have bulk densities from <span class="nowrap">0.02 to 0.98 g/cm<sup>3</sup></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a detailed study which has used 6,000 analysed samples in the European Union, a high resolution map (100m) of soil bulk density for the 0-20cm using regression model.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Croplands have almost 1.5 times higher bulk density compared to woodlands.

</p><p>Bulk density of soil is usually determined from a <a href="Core_sample" title="Core sample">core sample</a> which is taken by driving a metal corer into the soil at the desired depth and horizon.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gives a soil sample of known total volume, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">V<sub>t</sub></span>. From this sample the wet bulk density and the dry bulk density can be determined.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>For the wet bulk density (total bulk density) this sample is weighed, giving the mass <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">M<sub>t</sub></span>. For the dry bulk density, the sample is oven dried and weighed, giving the mass of soil solids, <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">M<sub>s</sub></span>. The relationship between these two masses is <span class="texhtml"><i>M<sub>t</sub></i> = <i>M<sub>s</sub></i> + <i>M<sub>l</sub></i></span>, where <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">M<sub>l</sub></span> is the mass of substances lost on oven drying (often, mostly water). The dry and wet bulk densities are calculated as

</p><p>Dry bulk density = mass of soil/ volume as a whole

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho _{b}={\frac {M_{s}}{V_{t}}}}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./34b96abb56cb41ba9371860990fdbdc0499da640.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:9.332ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{b}={\frac {M_{s}}{V_{t}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>

<p>Wet bulk density = mass of soil plus liquids/ volume as a whole

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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \rho _{t}={\frac {M_{t}}{V_{t}}}}</annotation>

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</math></span><img src="./5391d9cb3d33a88bb39039fa6ce7c28319607ee8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:9.043ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \rho _{t}={\frac {M_{t}}{V_{t}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>

<p>The dry bulk density of a soil is <a href="Inverse_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverse relationship">inversely related</a> to the porosity of the same soil: the more pore space in a soil the lower the value for bulk density. Bulk density of a region in the interior of the Earth is also related to the <a href="Seismic_velocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic velocity">seismic velocity</a> of waves travelling through it: for <a href="P-wave" class="mw-redirect" title="P-wave">P-waves</a>, this has been quantified with <a href="Gardner's_relation" title="Gardner's relation">Gardner's relation</a>. The higher the density, the faster the velocity.

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<ul><li><a href="Brazil_nut_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazil nut effect">Brazil nut effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Characterisation_of_pore_space_in_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Characterisation of pore space in soil">Characterisation of pore space in soil</a></li>

<li><a href="Effective_porosity" title="Effective porosity">Effective porosity</a></li>

<li><a href="Density_meter" title="Density meter">Density meter</a></li>

<li><a href="Number_density" title="Number density">Number density</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBuckmanBrady1960" class="citation book cs1">Buckman, Harry O.; Brady, Nyle C. (1960). <i>The Nature and Property of Soils - A College Text of Edaphology</i> (6th ed.). New York City: Macmillan. p. 50.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.powderprocess.net/bulk_density.html">"Powder Bulk Density - Bulk Solids density - Bulk Powder Properties - Powder Loose Density - Powder tapped density - PowderProcess.net"</a>. <i>www.powderprocess.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-22</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNawazBourriéTrolard2013" class="citation journal cs1">Nawaz, Muhammad Farrakh; Bourrié, Guilhem; Trolard, Fabienne (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13593-011-0071-8">"Soil compaction impact and modelling. A review"</a>. <i>Agronomy for Sustainable Development</i>. <b>33</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">291–</span>309. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13593-011-0071-8">10.1007/s13593-011-0071-8</a></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSoane1990" class="citation journal cs1">Soane, B.D. (1990). "The role of organic matter in soil compactibility: A review of some practical aspects". <i>Soil and Tillage Research</i>. <b>16</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">179–</span>201. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990STilR..16..179S">1990STilR..16..179S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0167-1987%2890%2990029-D">10.1016/0167-1987(90)90029-D</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPanagosDe_RosaLiakosLabouyrie2024" class="citation journal cs1">Panagos, Panos; De Rosa, Daniele; Liakos, Leonidas; Labouyrie, Maeva; Borrelli, Pasquale; Ballabio, Cristiano (2024-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.agee.2024.108907">"Soil bulk density assessment in Europe"</a>. <i>Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment</i>. <b>364</b>: 108907. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024AgEE..36408907P">2024AgEE..36408907P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.agee.2024.108907">10.1016/j.agee.2024.108907</a></span>. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11563%2F181221">11563/181221</a></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_053256.pdf">"Soil quality indicators -- Bulk density"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413171915/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_053256.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-04-13 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved December 5, 2013</span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Argonne National Lab <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ead.anl.gov/resrad/datacoll/soildens.htm">"RESRAD Data collection handbook, chapter 2 -- Soil density" retrieved May 26, 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160915223505/http://web.ead.anl.gov/resrad/datacoll/soildens.htm">Archived</a> September 15, 2016, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geog.le.ac.uk/splint/geopods/Podcast_library/Field%20techniques_Soil%20properties/How%20to%20measure%20dry%20bulk%20density/How%20to%20measure%20dry%20bulk%20density.wmv">University of Leicester podcast 'How to measure dry bulk density'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426033110/http://www.geog.le.ac.uk/splint/geopods/Podcast_library/Field%20techniques_Soil%20properties/How%20to%20measure%20dry%20bulk%20density/How%20to%20measure%20dry%20bulk%20density.wmv">Archived</a> 2012-04-26 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fxsolver.com/browse/formulas/Wet+bulk+density+of+soil+%28total+bulk+density%29">Bulk density calculator</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005063105/http://www.powtec.de/download/smg_engl.pdf">'Determination of bulk density'</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Geotechnical_engineering316" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="Offshore_geotechnical_engineering" title="Offshore geotechnical engineering">Offshore geotechnical engineering</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Geotechnical_investigation" title="Geotechnical investigation">Investigation</a> <br>and<br>instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Field (<i>in situ</i>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 33em;">

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Core_drill" title="Core drill">Core drill</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Cone_penetration_test" title="Cone penetration test">Cone penetration test</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Geo-electrical sounding</li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Permeability_(Earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (Earth sciences)">Permeability test</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Static_load_testing" title="Static load testing">Static</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynamic_load_testing" title="Dynamic load testing">Dynamic</a></li>

<li><a href="Statnamic_load_test" title="Statnamic load test">Statnamic</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Pore pressure measurement

<ul><li><a href="Piezometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Piezometer">Piezometer</a></li>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Ram sounding</li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Rock control drilling</li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Rotary-pressure_sounding" title="Rotary-pressure sounding">Rotary-pressure sounding</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Rotary weight sounding</li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Soil_test#Soil_testing" title="Soil test">Sample series</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Screw plate test</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Deformation_monitoring" title="Deformation monitoring">Deformation monitoring</a>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Inclinometer" title="Inclinometer">Inclinometer</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Soil_consolidation" title="Soil consolidation">Settlement recordings</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Shear_vane_test" title="Shear vane test">Shear vane test</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> Simple sounding</li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Standard_penetration_test" title="Standard penetration test">Standard penetration test</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Total_sounding" title="Total sounding">Total sounding</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Trial_pit" title="Trial pit">Trial pit</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Bedrock" title="Bedrock">Visible bedrock</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Nuclear_densometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear densometer">Nuclear densometer test</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Exploration_geophysics" title="Exploration geophysics">Exploration geophysics</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Crosshole_sonic_logging" title="Crosshole sonic logging">Crosshole sonic logging</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Pile_integrity_test" title="Pile integrity test">Pile integrity test</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Wave_equation_analysis" title="Wave equation analysis">Wave equation analysis</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="Soil_test" title="Soil test">Laboratory <br>testing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Soil_classification" title="Soil classification">Soil classification</a></li>

<li><a href="Atterberg_limits" title="Atterberg limits">Atterberg limits</a></li>

<li><a href="California_bearing_ratio" title="California bearing ratio">California bearing ratio</a></li>

<li><a href="Direct_shear_test" title="Direct shear test">Direct shear test</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrometer" title="Hydrometer">Hydrometer</a></li>

<li><a href="Proctor_compaction_test" title="Proctor compaction test">Proctor compaction test</a></li>

<li><a href="R-value_(soils)" title="R-value (soils)">R-value</a></li>

<li><a href="Sieve_analysis" title="Sieve analysis">Sieve analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Triaxial_shear_test" title="Triaxial shear test">Triaxial shear test</a></li>

<li><a href="Oedometer_test" title="Oedometer test">Oedometer test</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydraulic_conductivity#Experimental_approach" title="Hydraulic conductivity">Hydraulic conductivity tests</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_content#Measurement" title="Water content">Water content tests</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Gravel" title="Gravel">Gravel</a></li>

<li><a href="Loess" title="Loess">Loess</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hydraulic_conductivity" title="Hydraulic conductivity">Hydraulic conductivity</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_content" title="Water content">Water content</a></li>

<li><a href="Void_ratio" title="Void ratio">Void ratio</a></li>

<li><a href="Thixotropy" title="Thixotropy">Thixotropy</a></li>

<li><a href="Reynolds'_dilatancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Reynolds' dilatancy">Reynolds' dilatancy</a></li>

<li><a href="Angle_of_repose" title="Angle of repose">Angle of repose</a></li>

<li><a href="Friction#Angle_of_friction" title="Friction">Friction angle</a></li>

<li><a href="Cohesion_(geology)" title="Cohesion (geology)">Cohesion</a></li>

<li><a href="Porosity" title="Porosity">Porosity</a></li>

<li><a href="Permeability_(earth_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Permeability (earth sciences)">Permeability</a></li>

<li><a href="Specific_storage" title="Specific storage">Specific storage</a></li>

<li><a href="Shear_strength_(soil)" title="Shear strength (soil)">Shear strength</a></li>

<li><a href="Soil_liquefaction" title="Soil liquefaction">Sensitivity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures <br>(<a href="Soil-structure_interaction" title="Soil-structure interaction">Interaction</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Natural features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Topography" title="Topography">Topography</a></li>

<li><a href="Vegetation" title="Vegetation">Vegetation</a></li>

<li><a href="Terrain" title="Terrain">Terrain</a></li>

<li><a href="Topsoil" title="Topsoil">Topsoil</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_table" title="Water table">Water table</a></li>

<li><a href="Bedrock" title="Bedrock">Bedrock</a></li>

<li><a href="Subgrade" title="Subgrade">Subgrade</a></li>

<li><a href="Subsoil" title="Subsoil">Subsoil</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="Earthworks_(engineering)" title="Earthworks (engineering)">Earthworks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Shoring structures

<ul><li><a href="Retaining_wall" title="Retaining wall">Retaining walls</a></li>

<li><a href="Gabion" title="Gabion">Gabion</a></li>

<li><a href="Ground_freezing" title="Ground freezing">Ground freezing</a></li>

<li><a href="Mechanically_stabilized_earth" title="Mechanically stabilized earth">Mechanically stabilized earth</a></li>

<li><a href="Pressure_grouting" title="Pressure grouting">Pressure grouting</a></li>

<li><a href="Slurry_wall" title="Slurry wall">Slurry wall</a></li>

<li><a href="Soil_nailing" title="Soil nailing">Soil nailing</a></li>

<li><a href="Tieback_(geotechnical)" title="Tieback (geotechnical)">Tieback</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Land_development" title="Land development">Land development</a></li>

<li><a href="Landfill" title="Landfill">Landfill</a></li>

<li><a href="Digging" title="Digging">Excavation</a></li>

<li><a href="Trench" title="Trench">Trench</a></li>

<li><a href="Embankment_(earthworks)" title="Embankment (earthworks)">Embankment</a></li>

<li><a href="Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeway</a></li>

<li><a href="Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li>

<li><a href="Tunnel#Cut-and-cover" title="Tunnel">Cut-and-cover</a></li>

<li><a href="Grading_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grading (engineering)">Grading</a></li>

<li><a href="Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">Land reclamation</a></li>

<li><a href="Track_bed" title="Track bed">Track bed</a></li>

<li><a href="Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a></li>

<li><a href="Earth_structure" title="Earth structure">Earth structure</a></li>

<li><a href="Expanded_clay_aggregate" title="Expanded clay aggregate">Expanded clay aggregate</a></li>

<li><a href="Crushed_stone" title="Crushed stone">Crushed stone</a></li>

<li><a href="Geosynthetics" title="Geosynthetics">Geosynthetics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Geotextile" title="Geotextile">Geotextile</a></li>

<li><a href="Geomembrane" title="Geomembrane">Geomembrane</a></li>

<li><a href="Geosynthetic_clay_liner" title="Geosynthetic clay liner">Geosynthetic clay liner</a></li>

<li><a href="Cellular_confinement" title="Cellular confinement">Cellular confinement</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration (hydrology)">Infiltration</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Shallow_foundation" title="Shallow foundation">Shallow</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Soil_mechanics" title="Soil mechanics">Mechanics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Effective_stress" title="Effective stress">Effective stress</a></li>

<li><a href="Pore_water_pressure" title="Pore water pressure">Pore water pressure</a></li>

<li><a href="Lateral_earth_pressure" title="Lateral earth pressure">Lateral earth pressure</a></li>

<li><a href="Overburden_pressure" title="Overburden pressure">Overburden pressure</a></li>

<li><a href="Preconsolidation_pressure" title="Preconsolidation pressure">Preconsolidation pressure</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em;font-weight: normal;">Phenomena/<br>problems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Permafrost" title="Permafrost">Permafrost</a></li>

<li><a href="Frost_heaving" title="Frost heaving">Frost heaving</a></li>

<li><a href="Consolidation_(soil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidation (soil)">Consolidation</a></li>

<li><a href="Soil_compaction" title="Soil compaction">Compaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Earthquake" title="Earthquake">Earthquake</a>

<ul><li><a href="Response_spectrum" title="Response spectrum">Response spectrum</a></li>

<li><a href="Seismic_hazard" title="Seismic hazard">Seismic hazard</a></li>

<li><a href="S_wave" title="S wave">Shear wave</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Landslide" title="Landslide">Landslide</a> analysis

<ul><li><a href="Slope_stability_analysis" title="Slope stability analysis">Stability analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Landslide_mitigation" title="Landslide mitigation">Mitigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Landslide_classification" title="Landslide classification">Classification</a></li>

<li><a href="Sliding_criterion_(geotechnical_engineering)" title="Sliding criterion (geotechnical engineering)">Sliding criterion</a></li>

<li><a href="Road#Slab_stabilization" title="Road">Slab stabilisation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bearing_capacity" title="Bearing capacity">Bearing capacity</a> * <a href="Stress_distribution_in_soil" title="Stress distribution in soil">Stress distribution in soil</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Software" title="Software">Numerical analysis <br>software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li>STABL</li>

<li><a href="SVFlux" title="SVFlux">SVFlux</a></li>

<li><a href="SVSlope" title="SVSlope">SVSlope</a></li>

<li><a href="UTEXAS" title="UTEXAS">UTEXAS</a></li>

<li><a href="Plaxis" title="Plaxis">Plaxis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Geoprofessions" title="Geoprofessions">Related fields</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li>

<li><a href="Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Petrology" title="Petrology">Petrology</a></li>

<li><a href="Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">Geomorphology</a></li>

<li><a href="Soil_science" title="Soil science">Soil science</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrology" title="Hydrology">Hydrology</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrogeology" title="Hydrogeology">Hydrogeology</a></li>

<li><a href="Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li>

<li><a href="Earth_materials" title="Earth materials">Earth materials</a></li>

<li><a href="Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li>

<li><a href="Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a>

<ul><li><a href="Agrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrology">Agrology</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-02-03" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Bulk_density&oldid=1273594590">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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